Identifying Illicit Drugs using Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

Identifying Illicit Drugs using Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

SERS Methods Detect Trace Levels of Cocaine, Heroin, Methamphetamine and THC

Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) is an extension of Raman spectroscopy in which gold or silver nanoparticles amplify the Raman signals. The technique works via an electromagnetic effect where molecules come into proximity with gold or silver particles. When incident laser light strikes the nanoparticulate surface, localized surface plasmons can be excited, greatly enhancing Raman signals. The enhancement can be significant, making SERS well-suited to trace level detection of illicit drugs such as cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).

To test how well Ocean Optics SERS substrates can detect trace drugs, measurements were performed using gold and silver nanoparticles with an Ocean Optics modular Raman setup. As we discovered, detection of several illicit drugs using gold nanoparticles is a rapid, reliable technique that requires only a few milliwatts of laser power.

Sample Preparation

Heroin hydrochloride, cocaine hydrochloride, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and (±)-methamphetamine were prepared in 100 ppm solutions in methanol.

For the Ocean Optics SERS substrates, which comprise analyte-sensitive nanoparticle chemistries applied to a treated glass surface, we used 15 µL of 100 ppm solutions for the gold and silver nanoparticle substrates. We tested at 100 ppm to determine feasibility, although results suggest lower concentrations are possible.

Experimental Setup

For measurements with the gold and silver SERS substrates, we used a modular Raman system comprising the QE Pro high-sensitivity spectrometer, a 785 nm laser for Raman excitation and sampling optics. The 785 nm excitation produces excellent Raman spectra for most chemicals, with limited interference from fluorescence. These systems also offer very good spectral resolution, making them a preferred wavelength choice for Raman spectroscopy of chemicals and organic materials.

Three measurements for each sample were taken from multiple spots on the same substrate, which then were averaged.

Results

As demonstrated in the spectra, SERS methods utilizing Ocean Optics substrates can detect ppm levels of illicit drugs, which Raman techniques alone would not be able to accomplish.

Also, the gold nanoparticles appear to work best for detecting these drugs. Certain peaks have higher Raman cross-sections, and each peak is enhanced by the gold nanoparticles differently depending on how the molecule is oriented with respect to the gold surface.

Cocaine

Figure 1. The Raman spectrum of pure cocaine is dominated by peaks at 872, 999, 1026, 1273 and 1597 cm-1.

Figure 2. Raman signal enhanced with silver substrates

Heroin

Figure 3. The enhanced Raman signal reveals distinct spectral features.

Figure 4. The region between 600-650 cm-1 reveals strong Raman response.

Methamphetamine

Figure 5. The enhanced Raman signal shows a strong peak near 1000 cm-1.

Figure 6. Raman signal enhanced with silver substrates

THC

Figure 7. Strong Raman response is observed in THC despite the potential for interference from fluorescence.

Figure 8. Raman signal enhanced with silver substrates

Conclusions

When compared with other SERS substrates on the market, the Ocean Optics substrates show better sensitivity for a wide range of low concentrations of commonly used molecules for benchmarking SERS performance. Additionally, Ocean Optics SERS substrates are far more robust and simpler to use, with sample preparation and measurement taking seconds as opposed to minutes or hours.

Ocean Optics will continue its efforts to further enhance SERS effects, and soon will release a new SERS form factor that involves gold nanoparticles in solution. Initial studies of the new chemistry have demonstrated excellent signal enhancement.